一、常见错误
1.词汇方面
(1)望文生义
“红”译为“red”,可是表示妒忌的“红眼”不可译为“red-eyed”,应译为“green-eyed”。
有一篇报道中有这样一句话“这位著名的篮球队员是加拿大裔”,但这句话不能简单地译成“This famous basket-baller is a canadian”。因为所谓“加拿大裔”,是指有加拿大的血缘,但其国籍,根据上下文,却应该是美国国籍,因此这句话应译为“This famous basket-baller is a canadian American”。
(2)目标语背景知识的缺乏
在提到“亚洲四小龙”时,很多学生马上会联想到“four dragons”,孰不知“dragon”在英语中是指一种凶残的动物,是邪恶的象征,因此应翻译为“four tigers”。
“笨得像猪”或者“睡得像猪”不能理解为“as stupid as a pig”或者“sleep like a pig”,而要说“as stupid as a donkey”或者“sleep like log”。
(3)搭配不当
汉语的“开”,英语中往往翻译为“open”,可是“开”这个词同时存在很多方面的含义:开门open the window 开饭serve a meal 开机器operate a machine 开会hold a meeting 开茶馆run a teahouse 开车 drive a car
2.句法结构方面
(1)句子成分残缺不全
他有一个姐姐,是医生。原译:He has an elder sister is a doctor.
正确译文:He has an elder sister, who is a doctor.
(2)未使用或错误地使用体现逻辑关系的连接词
“汉语重意合,英语重形合”。英语如此讲究逻辑,因此,许多在汉语中不言自明或者不言而喻的意思,放到英语语言环境下,都要用外在形式一一体现出来。
(A)表示因果
我已养成了遇事深思的习惯,并找到了与不同学生友好相处的方法。
原译:I have formed the habit of thinking problems through thoroughly and found a way to get on well with many different types of students.
改译:I have formed the habit of thinking problems through thoroughly. In addition, I have found a way to get on well with many different types of students.
连词“and”难以体现前后潜在的“因果”关系。介词短语“in addition”使前后两句的内在逻辑得以“外化”,两句彼此独立,句义鲜明。
(B)表示转折
玛丽不喜欢读书,她喜爱音乐和舞蹈,很会唱歌。
原译:Mary isn’t fond of study of any kind, she loves music and dancing and is good at singing.
改译:Mary isn’t fond of study of any kind, but she loves music and dancing and is good at singing.
(C)添加了不必要的连接词 因为她病了,所以我们去看望她。
原译:Because she was sick, so we went to see her.
改译:“because”或“so”去掉其中一个。
(3)被动句翻译错误
(A)错误地把汉语中的地点状语或时间状语译为了主语
明天下午两点在学校礼堂开教学研究会。
原译:At 2: 00 p.m. tomorrow in the schoolhall will hold a teaching symposium.
改译:There will be a teaching symposium in the schoolhall at 2: 00 p.m. tomorrow.
(B)未能正确地使用被动语态 昨天这个男孩伤着了肩膀。
原译:The boy wounded his shoulder yesterday.
改译:The boy’s shoulder was wounded yesterday.
(4)逐字翻译的错误或者说译出的是“中式英语”。
例如:“请大家坐好!” 原译:“Sit well!”
改译:“Attention, please.”或“May I have your attention?”
在我国中小学课堂上,要求学生坐姿端正,所以经常听到老师上课对学生说:“Sit well!”(“坐好!”)。从语言角度谈,如果一个学生坐姿不好,那应该说:“Sit straight!”。同样,“站好!”是“Stand straight!”,而不是“Stand well”;从文化上看,它表明不同国家有着不同的教育习俗。在西方国家,就学生姿势而言,只要不是躺着,或靠在别人身上,并不要求坐直。如果课堂秩序不好,老师一般只是说“Attention, Please.”或“May I have your attention?”
二、解决问题的对策
提高汉译英能力的四个步骤:分析句子的逻辑结构,为所译的句子确定要采用的句型,确定合适的语态、时态,确定相应准确的词汇。
1.逻辑
翻译首先要分析句子逻辑结构,为选择合适句型准备。
(1)她看起来至少要年轻10岁。She looks at least 10 years younger than her age.
(2)他说得太快,要跟上他实在困难。He speaks too fast. It is hard to keep up with him.
2.句型
掌握了几个基本的句型,就如同抓住了英语语言的精髓。
(1)宋徽宗与其说是一位国君,不如说是一位绘画大师。Song Huizong was more of an artist than a king.
(2)他们爬得高,以便看得更远。They are climbing higher so that they may get a better view.
(3)我突然想到我们可以用计算机来做这项工作。 It suddenly occurred to me that we could use a computer to do the job.
3.语态
我们应该保护消费者不受欺骗。 We should protect the consumers from being tricked.
4.时态
每个句子都有一个动词时态的问题,即该句所表达的行为是在何时发生的。不同的时间应该用不同的时态来表达,而汉语的时态通常是用时间状语来表达的,如昨天、现在、将来等,动词则不发生变化。由于英汉语言的这种差异,汉译英时往往容易忽略而出错。
(1)那个国家的气候除了七月以外都是很温和的。The climate of that country is mild except in July.
(2)他从小就双目失明。 He has gone blind since he was young.
(3)那男孩子一跃而起,冲出了房子。The boy jumped to his feet and rushed out of the house.
(4)如果希特勒没有上台,历史的进程就会不一样了。 If Hitler hadn't come into power, the course of history might have been different.
5.词汇
首先一定要分辨出汉语句子中单词的准确含义,其次在选择英语词汇时一定要看准词性,然后再运用到译文中。
(1)他们决定放弃不再找了,因为他们找了一个星期,什么也没找到。
误译:They decided to give up the find, because they have found for a week and nothing was found.
英语中“find”的词义是强调找没找到的结果,而不是强调寻找这个动作,look for 才是寻找。所以此句前两个“find”应该用“search”和“look for”,而“search”强调寻找的难度和认真度。
正确翻译:They decided to give up the search because they had looked for it for a week and had found nothing.
(2)他爱人去机场给他送行。
误译:His love went to the airport to see him off. love一般是指恋人、情人,句中的爱人明显是 指妻子。
正确翻译:His wife went to the airport to see him off.